TERPENOIDS

          In general, the biosynthesis of terpenoids with the three basic reactions are:

 
1. Formation of active isoprene derived from acetic acid via mevalonic acid


2. Pengganbungan head and tail of two isoprene units will form a mono-, Seskui-, di-, Sester-and poly-terpenoid
 

3. The incorporation of the tail and the tail unit C-15 or C-20 produces triterpenoid and steroid
The mechanism of the reaction steps of terpenoid biosynthesis is activated by acetic acid as coenzyme A did produce acid Claisen type condensation asetoasetat.

          Compounds produced by the condensation of acetyl coenzyme A did produce aldol type branched carbon chains as found in mevalinat acid. subsequent reactions are phosphorylation, elimination of phosphoric acid and decarboxylation produces isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP), which later became berisomerisasi Dimethyl allyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP) by enzyme isomerase. IPP as active isoprene units joined head to tail with DMAPP and this merger is the first step of the polymerization of isoprene to produce terpenoids.
          This merger occurs because electrons attack the double bond of IPP terhhadap carbon atoms electron deficient DMAPP followed by removal of pyrophosphate ion generating geranil pyrophosphate (GPP) is an intermediate for all compounds monoterpenoid.
          The merger between the unit next IPP and GPP by the same mechanism produces Farnesil pyrophosphate (FPP), which is an intermediate for all compounds seskuiterpenoid. diterpenoid compounds derived from geranil-geranil Pirofosffat (GGPP) derived from the condensation between one unit of IPP and GPP by the same mechanism.

 

 

Monoterpenoid

          Monoterpenoid is a compound of "essence" and has a specific smell that was built by two isoprene units or the number of carbon atoms 10. More than 1000 kinds of monoterpenoid compounds have been isolated from higher plants, marine animals, insects and vertebrate animals the type and structure of compounds known.          The structure of compounds known terpenoids mono is a difference of 38 types of different frameworks, while drafting the basic principles remain as the merger of the head and tail of two isoprene units. monoterpenoid structure can be open and closed chain or cyclic. monoterpenoid compound widely used as an antiseptic, expectorant, and sedative spasmolotik. Besides the already known monoterpenoid widely used as a fragrance ingredient meal giver and perfume and this is a heavily trafficked commercial compounds.          In terms of biogenetics, nerol and geraniol linalol change from one to the other takes place as a result of the isomerization reaction. Third alcohol, which is derived from the hydrolysis geranil pyrophosphate (GPP) can be secondary reactions, such as dehydration produces mirsen, sitral and oxidation to produce citronellal oxidation-reduction.Changes in GPP in vivo into compounds in terms of cyclic monoterpenes biogenetics caused by cyclization reaction followed by secondary reactions.          As with other natural ingredients organic compounds, mono terpenoida carbon skeleton has many variations. Therefore the determination of the structure is one of the important part.Determination monoterpenoida follow a systematic structure that starts with the determination of a particular type of carbon skeleton. A type of carbon skeleton monocyclic monoterpenes such as may be prescribed by a womanly dehydrogenation reaction of aromatic compounds (aromatization). Next step was to determine the structure determination of the location or position of the functional groups of the compound in question within the framework of the carbon. The position of functional groups can be determined based on the oxidative decomposition. Another way is to change the compound in question by certain reactions into other compounds that have diketaui structure. In other words, each functional group linking the corresponding compounds with functional groups other compounds that have the same carbon skeleton. Proof of the structure of a compound eventually supported by the synthesis of the compounds in question from a compound known structure.

Seskuiterpenoid
          Seskuiterpenoid a terpenoid compound built by 3 isoprene units consisting of acyclic and bicyclic skeleton with the basic framework of naphthalene.          Seskuiterpenoid compound has a substantial bioactivity, such as antifeedant, hormones, antimicrobials, antibiotics and toxins as well as plant growth regulators and sweeteners.Compounds derived sesquiterpene of cis and trans farnesil farnesil pyrophosphate pyrophosphate through cyclization reactions and other secondary reactions. Both isomers farnesil pyrophosphate is produced in vivo by the same mechanism as abtara geranil and nerol isomerization.


Diterpenoid          Diterpenoid compounds are compounds having 20 carbon atoms and built by 4 isoprene units. This compound has a fairly extensive bioactivity is a plant growth hormone, podolakton plant growth inhibitors, insect antifeedant, tumor inhibitor compounds, sweeteners, anti-fouling and anti-carcinogens. Diterpenoid compounds can form acyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic and tetrasiklik and nomenclature used more is trivial names.


Triterpenoid          More than 4000 kinds of triterpenoids have been isolated with more than 40 kinds of basic framework that has been known and in principle is the cyclization of skualen. Triterpenoids consisting of frame with 3 cyclic 6 which joined berupaka cyclic 5 or 6, which has a cyclic 4 functional groups on specific cyclic. While naming          further simplified by giving the numbering on each carbon atom, thus facilitating the determination of the substituents on each carbon atom.          Terpenoida a wide range of structures that arise as a result of subsequent secondary reactions such as hydrolysis, isomerization, oxidation, reduction and cyclization over-geranil, farnesil-and-geranil geranil pyrophosphate.